Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition (2023)

Por: Murray C.J.L., Barber R.M., Foreman K.J., Ozgoren A.A., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Abraham J.P., Abubakar I., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Achoki T., Ackerman I.N., Ademi Z., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afshin A., Agardh E.E., Alam S.S., Alasfoor D., Albittar M.I., Alegretti M.A., Alemu Z.A., Alfonso-Cristancho R., Alhabib S., Ali R., Alla F., Allebeck P., Almazroa M.A., Alsharif U., Alvarez E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Ammar W., Anderson H.R., Anderson B.O., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlöv J., Arsenijevic V.S.A., Artaman A., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Atkins L.S., Avila M.A., Awuah B., Bachman V.F., Badawi A., Bahit M.C., Balakrishnan K., Banerjee A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Basu A., Basu S., Basulaiman M.O., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bekele T., Bell M.L., Benjet C., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Benzian H., Bernabé E., Bertozzi-Villa A., Beyene T.J., Bhala N., Bhalla A., Bhutta Z.A., Bienhoff K., Bikbov B., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Blosser C.D., Blyth F.M., Bohensky M.A., Bolliger I.W., Basara B.B., Bornstein N.M., Bose D., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Boyers L.N., Brainin M., Brayne C.E., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Briggs A.D., Brooks P.M., Brown J.C., Brugha T.S., Buchbinder R., Buckle G.C., Budke C.M., Bulchis A., Bulloch A.G., Campos-Nonato I.R., Carabin H., Carapetis J.R., Cárdenas R., Carpenter D.O., Caso V., Castañeda-Orjuela C.A., Castro R.E., Catalá-López F., Cavalleri F., Çavlin A., Chadha V.K., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chen H., Chen W., Chiang P.P., Chimed-Ochir O., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christophi C.A., Cirillo M., Coates M.M., Coffeng L.E., Coggeshall M.S., Colistro V., Colquhoun S.M., Cooke G.S., Cooper C., Cooper L.T., Coppola L.M., Cortinovis M., Criqui M.H., Crump J.A., Cuevas-Nasu L., Danawi H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dansereau E., Dargan P.I., Davey G., Davis A., Davitoiu D.V., Dayama A., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Del Pozo-Cruz B., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Derrett S., Des Jarlais D.C., Dessalegn M., Dharmaratne S.D., Dherani M.K., Diaz-Torné C., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Dokova K., Dorsey E.R., Driscoll T.R., Duan L., Duber H.C., Ebel B.E., Edmond K.M., Elshrek Y.M., Endres M., Ermakov S.P., Erskine H.E., Eshrati B., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Faraon E.J.A., Farzadfar F., Fay D.F., Feigin V.L., Felson D.T., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.G., Ferrari A.J., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Fleming T.D., Foigt N., Forouzanfar M.H., Fowkes F.G.R., Paleo U.F., Franklin R.C., Fürst T., Gabbe B., Gaffikin L., Gankpé F.G., Geleijnse J.M., Gessner B.D., Gething P., Gibney K.B., Giroud M., Giussani G., Dantes H.G., Gona P., González-Medina D., Gosselin R.A., Gotay C.C., Goto A., Gouda H.N., Graetz N., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gupta R., Gutiérrez R.A., Haagsma J., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hagan H., Halasa Y.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamavid H., Hammami M., Hancock J., Hankey G.J., Hansen G.M., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Haro J.M., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., Hay R.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Heuton K.R., Heydarpour P., Higashi H., Hijar M., Hoek H.W., Hoffman H.J., Hosgood H.D., Hossain M., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Hu G., Huang C., Huang J.J., Husseini A., Huynh C., Iannarone M.L., Iburg K.M., Innos K., Inoue M., Islami F., Jacobsen K.H., Jarvis D.L., Jassal S.K., Jee S.H., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jiang G., Jiang Y., Jonas J.B., Juel K., Kan H., Karch A., Karema C.K., Karimkhani C., Karthikeyan G., Kassebaum N.J., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Kazanjan K., Kemp A.H., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khalifa S.E.A., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.-H., Kieling C., Kim D., Kim S., Kim Y., Kinfu Y., Kinge J.M., Kivipelto M., Knibbs L.D., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kosen S., Krishnaswami S., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kuipers E.J., Kulkarni C., Kulkarni V.S., Kumar G.A., Kyu H.H., Lai T., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lam H., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Leasher J.L., Leigh J., Leung R., Levitz C.E., Li B., Li Y., Li Y., Lim S.S., Lind M., Lipshultz S.E., Liu S., Liu Y., Lloyd B.K., Lofgren K.T., Logroscino G., Looker K.J., Lortet-Tieulent J., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas R.M., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Macintyre M.F., Mackay M.T., Majdan M., Malekzadeh R., Marcenes W., Margolis D.J., Margono C., Marzan M.B., Masci J.R., Mashal M.T., Matzopoulos R., Mayosi B.M., Mazorodze T.T., McGill N.W., McGrath J.J., McKee M., McLain A., Meaney P.A., Medina C., Mehndiratta M.M., Mekonnen W., Melaku Y.A., Meltzer M., Memish Z.A., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Mhimbira F.A., Micha R., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mitchell P.B., Mock C.N., Ibrahim N.M., Mohammad K.A., Mokdad A.H., Mola G.L.D., Monasta L., Hernandez J.C.M., Montico M., Montine T.J., Mooney M.D., Moore A.R., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moran A.E., Mori R., Moschandreas J., Moturi W.N., Moyer M.L., Mozaffarian D., Msemburi W.T., Mueller U.O., Mukaigawara M., Mullany E.C., Murdoch M.E., Murray J., Murthy K.S., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Naidoo K.S., Naldi L., Nand D., Nangia V., Narayan K.M.V., Nejjari C., Neupane S.P., Newton C.R., Ng M., Ngalesoni F.N., Nguyen G., Nisar M.I., Nolte S., Norheim O.F., Norman R.E., Norrving B., Nyakarahuka L., Oh I.-H., Ohkubo T., Ohno S.L., Olusanya B.O., Opio J.N., Ortblad K., Ortiz A., Pain A.W., Pandian J.D., Panelo C.I.A., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Park J.-H., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paul V.K., Pavlin B.I., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perez-Padilla R., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Phillips B.K., Phillips D.E., Piel F.B., Plass D., Poenaru D., Polinder S., Pope D., Popova S., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prabhakaran D., Prasad N.M., Pullan R.L., Qato D.M., Quistberg D.A., Rafay A., Rahimi K., Rahman S.U., Raju M., Rana S.M., Razavi H., Reddy K.S., Refaat A., Remuzzi G., Resnikoff S., Ribeiro A.L., Richardson L., Richardus J.H., Roberts D.A., Rojas-Rueda D., Ronfani L., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Rothstein D.H., Rowley J.T., Roy N., Ruhago G.M., Saeedi M.Y., Saha S., Sahraian M.A., Sampson U.K.A., Sanabria J.R., Sandar L., Santos I.S., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Scarborough P., Schneider I.J., Schöttker B., Schumacher A.E., Schwebel D.C., Scott J.G., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Serina P.T., Servan-Mori E.E., Shackelford K.A., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Levy T.S., Shangguan S., She J., Sheikhbahaei S., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shinohara Y., Shiri R., Shishani K., Shiue I., Shrime M.G., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silberberg D.H., Simard E.P., Sindi S., Singh A., Singh J.A., Singh L., Skirbekk V., Slepak E.L., Sliwa K., Soneji S., Søreide K., Soshnikov S., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Stein D.J., Stein M.B., Steiner C., Steiner T.J., Stevens A., Stewart A., Stovner L.J., Stroumpoulis K., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Swaroop M., Sykes B.L., Tabb K.M., Takahashi K., Tandon N., Tanne D., Tanner M., Tavakkoli M., Taylor H.R., Te Ao B.J., Tediosi F., Temesgen A.M., Templin T., Ten Have M., Tenkorang E.Y., Terkawi A.S., Thomson B., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Thrift A.G., Thurston G.D., Tillmann T., Tonelli M., Topouzis F., Toyoshima H., Traebert J., Tran B.X., Trillini M., Truelsen T., Tsilimbaris M., Tuzcu E.M., Uchendu U.S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uzun S.B., Van Brakel W.H., Van De Vijver S., Van Gool C.H., Van Os J., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Wagner G.R., Wagner J., Waller S.G., Wan X., Wang H., Wang J., Wang L., Warouw T.S., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Wenzhi W., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Wilkinson J.D., Williams T.N., Wolfe C.D., Wolock T.M., Woolf A.D., Wulf S., Wurtz B., Xu G., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Ye P., Yentür G.K., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaki M.E., Zhao Y., Zheng Y., Zonies D., Zou X., Salomon J.A., Lopez A.D., Vos T.

Publicada: 1 ene 2015

Categoría: Medicine (miscellaneous)

Resumen:
Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition - in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden - is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

Direcciones
Murray C.J.L.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Barber R.M.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Foreman K.J.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Ozgoren A.A.: Institute of Population Studies, United Kingdom
Abd-Allah F.: Faculty of Medicine, Cairo-University, Cairo, Egypt
Abera S.F.: School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Kilte Awlaelo-Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Aboyans V.: Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
Abraham J.P.: Family Medicine Residency Program at California Hospital, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Institute for Global Health, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
Abubakar I.: University College London, London, United Kingdom
Abu-Raddad L.J.: Weill Cornell Medical College Ar-Rayyan Qatar, Doha, Qatar
Abu-Rmeileh N.M.: Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
Achoki T.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Ackerman I.N.: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Ademi Z.: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
Adou A.K.: Association Ivoirienne pour le Bien-tre Familial, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Adsuar J.C.: University of Extremadura, Cceres, Spain
Afshin A.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
Agardh E.E.: Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
Alam S.S.: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
Alasfoor D.: Ministry of Health, Al Khuwair, Oman
Albittar M.I.: Independent, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
Alegretti M.A.: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Social, Syrian Arab Republic
Alemu Z.A.: Debre Markos University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Alfonso-Cristancho R.: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Alhabib S.: King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ali R.: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Alla F.: School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
Allebeck P.: Department of Public Health Sciences, France
Almazroa M.A.: Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Alsharif U.: Charit University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Alvarez E.: Government, Madrid, Spain
Alvis-Guzman N.: Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
Amare A.T.: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Ameh E.A.: Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Amini H.: University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Ammar W.: Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
Anderson H.R.: St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
Anderson B.O.: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Antonio C.A.T.: Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, United Kingdom
Anwari P.: Self Employee, Kabul, Afghanistan
Arnlöv J.: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Arsenijevic V.S.A.: School of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; University Children's Hospital Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Artaman A.: Consultant, Windsor, ON, Canada
Asghar R.J.: South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan
Assadi R.: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Atkins L.S.: Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations, Ministry of Health, Castries, Saint Lucia
Avila M.A.: National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Awuah B.: Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
Bachman V.F.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Badawi A.: Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Bahit M.C.: INECO Neurociencias, Rosario, Argentina
Balakrishnan K.: Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
Banerjee A.: University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Barker-Collo S.L.: School of Psychology, United Kingdom
Barquera S.: National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Barregard L.: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Barrero L.H.: Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
Basu A.: School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Basu S.: Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Basulaiman M.O.: Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Beardsley J.: Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Bedi N.: College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Beghi E.: IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
Bekele T.: Madawalabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
Bell M.L.: Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Benjet C.: National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muiz, Mexico City, Mexico
Bennett D.A.: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Bensenor I.M.: University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Benzian H.: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, College of Dentistry, Brazil
Bernabé E.: King's College London, London, United Kingdom
Bertozzi-Villa A.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Beyene T.J.: Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Bhala N.: Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; University of Otago Medical School, New Zealand
Bhalla A.: Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
Bhutta Z.A.: Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan
Bienhoff K.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Bikbov B.: A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation; Academician V.I.Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russian Federation
Biryukov S.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Blore J.D.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Blosser C.D.: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Blyth F.M.: University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Bohensky M.A.: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Bolliger I.W.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Basara B.B.: General Directorate of Health Research, Australia
Bornstein N.M.: Tel Aviv Saurasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Bose D.: World Bank, Washington, DC, United States
Boufous S.: Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, United States
Bourne R.R.A.: Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Boyers L.N.: Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
Brainin M.: Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
Brayne C.E.: Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Brazinova A.: Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, United Kingdom
Breitborde N.J.K.: Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Brenner H.: German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
Briggs A.D.: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Brooks P.M.: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Brown J.C.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Brugha T.S.: University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Buchbinder R.: Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, United States
Buckle G.C.: University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
Budke C.M.: Texas AandM University, College Station, TX, United States
Bulchis A.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Bulloch A.G.: University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Campos-Nonato I.R.: Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Carabin H.: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
Carapetis J.R.: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, WA, Australia
Cárdenas R.: Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
Carpenter D.O.: University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
Caso V.: University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Castañeda-Orjuela C.A.: Colombian National Health Observatory, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidades Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Castro R.E.: Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
Catalá-López F.: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia/CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
Cavalleri F.: Universidad de la RepblicaFacultad de Medicina, Montevideo, Uruguay
Çavlin A.: Institute of Population Studies, United Kingdom
Chadha V.K.: National Tuberculosis Institute, Bengaluru, India
Chang J.-C.: College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Charlson F.J.: University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Chen H.: Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
Chen W.: Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Chiang P.P.: General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre, Palestine
Chimed-Ochir O.: Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
Chowdhury R.: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Christensen H.: Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Christophi C.A.: Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
Cirillo M.: University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
Coates M.M.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Coffeng L.E.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Coggeshall M.S.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Colistro V.: Universidad de la Repblica, Montevideo, Uruguay; Ministerio de Salud Pblica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Colquhoun S.M.: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Cooke G.S.: Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Cooper C.: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Cooper L.T.: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Coppola L.M.: Hospital Municipal Ramon Santamarina, Tandil, Argentina
Cortinovis M.: IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
Criqui M.H.: University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
Crump J.A.: Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand
Cuevas-Nasu L.: National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Danawi H.: Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
Dandona L.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Dandona R.: Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Dansereau E.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Dargan P.I.: Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
Davey G.: Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton, United Kingdom
Davis A.: Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
Davitoiu D.V.: University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Dayama A.: Department of Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
De Leo D.: Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Degenhardt L.: University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
Del Pozo-Cruz B.: University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Dellavalle R.P.: US Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO, United States
Deribe K.: School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
Derrett S.: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand; School of Public Health, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Des Jarlais D.C.: Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
Dessalegn M.: Africa Medical and Research Foundation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Dharmaratne S.D.: University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Dherani M.K.: University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Diaz-Torné C.: Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Dicker D.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Ding E.L.: School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
Dokova K.: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical UniversityVarna, Varna, Bulgaria
Dorsey E.R.: University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
Driscoll T.R.: Sydney School of Public Health, Australia
Duan L.: National Center for Chronic and Noncommunible Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
Duber H.C.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Ebel B.E.: Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, United States
Edmond K.M.: University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Elshrek Y.M.: Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Endres M.: Charit University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ermakov S.P.: Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
Erskine H.E.: University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Eshrati B.: Arak University of Medical Sciences and Health Affairs, Arak, Iran
Esteghamati A.: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolic Research Institute, Iran
Estep K.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Faraon E.J.A.: DHPA, UP College of Public Health, Manila, Philippines
Farzadfar F.: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolic Research Institute, Iran
Fay D.F.: Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
Feigin V.L.: National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, New Zealand
Felson D.T.: Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
Fereshtehnejad S.-M.: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), France
Fernandes J.G.: Institute of Education and Sciences, German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Ferrari A.J.: University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Fitzmaurice C.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Flaxman A.D.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Fleming T.D.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Foigt N.: Institute of Gerontology, Academy of Medical Science, Kiev, Ukraine
Forouzanfar M.H.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Fowkes F.G.R.: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Paleo U.F.: University of Extremadura, Cceres, Spain
Franklin R.C.: James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Fürst T.: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, United States
Gabbe B.: Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Gaffikin L.: School of Medicine, United States
Gankpé F.G.: Leras Afrique, Cotonou, Benin; CHU Hassan II, Fez, Morocco
Geleijnse J.M.: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
Gessner B.D.: Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France
Gething P.: Department of Zoology, United Kingdom
Gibney K.B.: Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Giroud M.: University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
Giussani G.: IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
Dantes H.G.: National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Gona P.: University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
González-Medina D.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Gosselin R.A.: University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
Gotay C.C.: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Goto A.: Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
Gouda H.N.: University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Graetz N.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Gugnani H.C.: Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Netherlands
Gupta R.: West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
Gupta R.: West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
Gutiérrez R.A.: National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muiz, Mexico City, Mexico
Haagsma J.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Hafezi-Nejad N.: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolic Research Institute, Iran
Hagan H.: New York University, New York, NY, United States
Halasa Y.A.: Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
Hamadeh R.R.: Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
Hamavid H.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Hammami M.: Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States
Hancock J.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Hankey G.J.: University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Hansen G.M.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Hao Y.: School of Public Health, United States
Harb H.L.: Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
Haro J.M.: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de DuCIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Havmoeller R.: Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Hay S.I.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Hay R.J.: King's College London, London, United Kingdom; International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
Heredia-Pi I.B.: National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Heuton K.R.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Heydarpour P.: Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Iran
Higashi H.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Hijar M.: Fundacion Entornos AC, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Hoek H.W.: Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, United States
Hoffman H.J.: Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, United States
Hosgood H.D.: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
Hossain M.: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Hotez P.J.: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Hoy D.G.: School of Population Health, Taiwan; Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
Hsairi M.: National Institute of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
Hu G.: School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
Huang C.: George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
Huang J.J.: Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Husseini A.: Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Huynh C.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Iannarone M.L.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Iburg K.M.: Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Innos K.: National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
Inoue M.: Graduate School of Medicine, Estonia
Islami F.: American Cancer Society, New York, NY, United States
Jacobsen K.H.: George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
Jarvis D.L.: Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Jassal S.K.: University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
Jee S.H.: Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Jeemon P.: Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
Jensen P.N.: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Jha V.: Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
Jiang G.: Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
Jiang Y.: Department of Health Development, United States; Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, United States; Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
Jonas J.B.: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
Juel K.: National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
Kan H.: Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Karch A.: Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
Karema C.K.: Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, Kigali City, Rwanda
Karimkhani C.: Case Western University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
Karthikeyan G.: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Kassebaum N.J.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Seattle Children's Hospital, United States
Kaul A.: Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
Kawakami N.: School of Public Health, Estonia
Kazanjan K.: National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
Kemp A.H.: University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Kengne A.P.: South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Keren A.: Cardiology, Hadassah Ein Kerem University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
Khader Y.S.: Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Khalifa S.E.A.: Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar
Khan E.A.: Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Expanded Programme on Immunization, Islamabad, Pakistan
Khan G.: UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Khang Y.-H.: Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Kieling C.: Federal University of Rio Grande Do sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Kim D.: Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
Kim S.: Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, South Korea
Kim Y.: Southern University College, Johor, Malaysia
Kinfu Y.: University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Kinge J.M.: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Kivipelto M.: Aging Research Center, France
Knibbs L.D.: School of Public Health, Taiwan
Knudsen A.K.: Department of Health Registries, Australia
Kokubo Y.: National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
Kosen S.: Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia
Krishnaswami S.: Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
Defo B.K.: University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Bicer B.K.: Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Kuipers E.J.: Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Kulkarni C.: Rajrajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
Kulkarni V.S.: Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
Kumar G.A.: Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Kyu H.H.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Lai T.: Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia
Lalloo R.: School of Dentistry and Oral Health, United States; Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Lallukka T.: Disability Prevention Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Lam H.: Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
Lan Q.: National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
Lansingh V.C.: Help Me See, Inc, New York, NY, United States; Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, Queretaro, Mexico
Larsson A.: Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Lawrynowicz A.E.B.: Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologa Dr. Juan H. Jara, Mar del Plata, Argentina
Leasher J.L.: Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
Leigh J.: University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Leung R.: SUNY-Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
Levitz C.E.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Li B.: Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China
Li Y.: National Center for Chronic and Noncommunible Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
Li Y.: National Center for Chronic and Noncommunible Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
Lim S.S.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Lind M.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Lipshultz S.E.: Wayne State University, Miami, FL, United States
Liu S.: National Center for Chronic and Noncommunible Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
Liu Y.: Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Lloyd B.K.: Eastern Health Clinical School, United States; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Lofgren K.T.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Logroscino G.: University of Bari, Bari, Italy
Looker K.J.: University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Lortet-Tieulent J.: American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
Lotufo P.A.: University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Lozano R.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Lucas R.M.: Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Lunevicius R.: School of Medicine, Sri Lanka; Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Lyons R.A.: Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
Ma S.: Ministry of Health Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Macintyre M.F.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Mackay M.T.: Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Majdan M.: Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
Malekzadeh R.: Digestive Disease Reseach Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Shiraz University of Medical Scinces, Shiraz, Iran
Marcenes W.: Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Margolis D.J.: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Margono C.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Marzan M.B.: University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
Masci J.R.: Elmhurst Hospital Center, Mount Sinai Services, Elmhurst, NY, United States
Mashal M.T.: Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
Matzopoulos R.: South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, South Africa
Mayosi B.M.: University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Mazorodze T.T.: AIDC EC, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
McGill N.W.: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
McGrath J.J.: University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
McKee M.: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
McLain A.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Meaney P.A.: School of Medicine, United States; Pereleman School of Medicine, United States; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Medina C.: National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Mehndiratta M.M.: Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
Mekonnen W.: Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Melaku Y.A.: Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Meltzer M.: Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Memish Z.A.: Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Mensah G.A.: Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, United States
Meretoja A.: Department of Medicine and the Florey, Palestine; Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Mhimbira F.A.: Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
Micha R.: Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
Miller T.R.: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States; Curtin University Centre for Population Health, Perth, WA, Australia
Mills E.J.: University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Mitchell P.B.: University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
Mock C.N.: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Ibrahim N.M.: Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Mohammad K.A.: University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
Mokdad A.H.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Mola G.L.D.: University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
Monasta L.: Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Hernandez J.C.M.: National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Montico M.: Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Montine T.J.: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Mooney M.D.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Moore A.R.: University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
Moradi-Lakeh M.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Moran A.E.: Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Mori R.: National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
Moschandreas J.: University of Crete, Crete, Greece
Moturi W.N.: Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
Moyer M.L.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Mozaffarian D.: Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
Msemburi W.T.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
Mueller U.O.: Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
Mukaigawara M.: Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
Mullany E.C.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Murdoch M.E.: West Herts Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, United Kingdom
Murray J.: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Murthy K.S.: Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Naghavi M.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Naheed A.: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
Naidoo K.S.: University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Naldi L.: Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
Nand D.: Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
Nangia V.: Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
Narayan K.M.V.: Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Nejjari C.: Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco
Neupane S.P.: University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Newton C.R.: Kilifi, Kenya
Ng M.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Ngalesoni F.N.: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Nguyen G.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Nisar M.I.: Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Nolte S.: Charit Univarsity Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Norheim O.F.: University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Norman R.E.: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Norrving B.: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Nyakarahuka L.: Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
Oh I.-H.: Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
Ohkubo T.: Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Ohno S.L.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Olusanya B.O.: Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria
Opio J.N.: Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
Ortblad K.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Ortiz A.: IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
Pain A.W.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Pandian J.D.: Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India
Panelo C.I.A.: University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Papachristou C.: Charit Univarsity Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Park E.-K.: Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
Park J.-H.: School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
Patten S.B.: University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Patton G.C.: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Paul V.K.: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Pavlin B.I.: Independent Researcher, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
Pearce N.: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Pereira D.M.: REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratrio de Farmacognosia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Perez-Padilla R.: National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
Perez-Ruiz F.: Hopsital Universitario Cruces, OSI EE-Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain; Biocruces Health Research Institute, Baracaldo, Spain
Perico N.: Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
Pervaiz A.: Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Pesudovs K.: Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Peterson C.B.: Aalborg University, Aalborg Esst, Denmark
Petzold M.: Health Metrics Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Phillips M.R.: Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Emory University AtlantaGA, United States
Phillips B.K.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Phillips D.E.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Piel F.B.: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Plass D.: Section Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Federal Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
Poenaru D.: Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Polinder S.: Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Pope D.: University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Popova S.: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
Poulton R.G.: University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Pourmalek F.: School of Population and Public Health, United States
Prabhakaran D.: Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
Prasad N.M.: Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Pullan R.L.: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Qato D.M.: University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
Quistberg D.A.: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Rafay A.: Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan; Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
Rahimi K.: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Rahman S.U.: Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Raju M.: University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
Rana S.M.: Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; Contech Internal Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
Razavi H.: Center for Disease Analysis, Louisville, CO, United States
Reddy K.S.: Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Refaat A.: Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Remuzzi G.: Centro Anna Maria Astori, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
Resnikoff S.: BHVI, Australia; International Health and Development, Geneva, Switzerland
Ribeiro A.L.: Hospital das Clinica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Richardson L.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Richardus J.H.: Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Roberts D.A.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Rojas-Rueda D.: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
Ronfani L.: Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Roth G.A.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Rothenbacher D.: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
Rothstein D.H.: Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
Rowley J.T.: Independent Researcher, London, United Kingdom
Roy N.: Department of Public Health Sciences, France; BARC Hospital, HBNI University, Mumbai, India
Ruhago G.M.: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Saeedi M.Y.: Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Saha S.: Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Sahraian M.A.: Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Iran
Sampson U.K.A.: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
Sanabria J.R.: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Cancer Treatment Centers of America, RFU Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
Sandar L.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Santos I.S.: University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Satpathy M.: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Sawhney M.: Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
Scarborough P.: University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Schneider I.J.: Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianpolis, Brazil
Schöttker B.: Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, United States
Schumacher A.E.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Schwebel D.C.: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
Scott J.G.: Centre for Clinical Research, Taiwan
Seedat S.: Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Sepanlou S.G.: Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Serina P.T.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Servan-Mori E.E.: National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Shackelford K.A.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Shaheen A.: An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
Shahraz S.: Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
Levy T.S.: National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Shangguan S.: Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
She J.: Zhongshan Hospital, China
Sheikhbahaei S.: Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolic Research Institute, Iran
Shi P.: Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
Shibuya K.: University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Shinohara Y.: Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Shiri R.: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupationel Health, Helsinki, Finland
Shishani K.: Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
Shiue I.: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Alzheimer's Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Shrime M.G.: Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Sigfusdottir I.D.: Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
Silberberg D.H.: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Simard E.P.: School of Public Health, United States; Rollins School of Public Health, United States
Sindi S.: Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Singh A.: International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Singh J.A.: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
Singh L.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Skirbekk V.: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Slepak E.L.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Sliwa K.: Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, South Africa
Soneji S.: Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
Søreide K.: Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
Soshnikov S.: Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
Sposato L.A.: Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
Sreeramareddy C.T.: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Cheras, Malaysia
Stanaway J.D.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Stathopoulou V.: Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
Stein D.J.: South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Stein M.B.: University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
Steiner C.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Steiner T.J.: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Stevens A.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Stewart A.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Stovner L.J.: Department of Neuroscience, Greece; Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
Stroumpoulis K.: Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece; Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin, Cherbourg, France
Sunguya B.F.: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Swaminathan S.: National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
Swaroop M.: Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Sykes B.L.: University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
Tabb K.M.: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
Takahashi K.: Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, United States; Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
Tandon N.: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Tanne D.: Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Tanner M.: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland
Tavakkoli M.: Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
Taylor H.R.: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Te Ao B.J.: Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Tediosi F.: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland
Temesgen A.M.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Templin T.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Ten Have M.: Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands
Tenkorang E.Y.: Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada
Terkawi A.S.: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Thomson B.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Thorne-Lyman A.L.: Department of Nutrition, Boston, MA, United States; WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
Thrift A.G.: Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Thurston G.D.: School of Medicine, United States; Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, United States
Tillmann T.: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Tonelli M.: University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Topouzis F.: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Toyoshima H.: Health Care Center of Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo City, Japan
Traebert J.: University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoa, Brazil
Tran B.X.: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Trillini M.: Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
Truelsen T.: Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Tsilimbaris M.: Department of Medicine, Japan
Tuzcu E.M.: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Uchendu U.S.: Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
Ukwaja K.N.: Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Undurraga E.A.: Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
Uzun S.B.: Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
Van Brakel W.H.: Netherlands Leprosy Relief, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Van De Vijver S.: African Population and Health Research Center, Nariobi, Kenya
Van Gool C.H.: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Van Os J.: Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
Vasankari T.J.: UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
Venketasubramanian N.: Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Violante F.S.: University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Vlassov V.V.: Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
Vollset S.E.: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Australia
Wagner G.R.: School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, United States
Wagner J.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Waller S.G.: Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
Wan X.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, United States
Wang H.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Wang J.: University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Wang L.: National Center for Chronic and Noncommunible Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
Warouw T.S.: NIHRD, Ministry of Health Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Weichenthal S.: Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Weiderpass E.: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, France
Weintraub R.G.: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Wenzhi W.: Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
Werdecker A.: Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Marburg, Germany
Westerman R.: Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
Whiteford H.A.: University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Wilkinson J.D.: Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
Williams T.N.: Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Wolfe C.D.: King's College London, London, United Kingdom
Wolock T.M.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Woolf A.D.: Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom
Wulf S.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Wurtz B.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
Xu G.: Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
Yan L.L.: Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
Yano Y.: Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
Ye P.: National Center for Chronic and Noncommunible Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
Yentür G.K.: General Directorate of Health Research, Australia
Yip P.: University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong
Yonemoto N.: National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
Yoon S.-J.: Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Younis M.Z.: Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
Yu C.: School of Public Health, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Zaki M.E.: Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
Zhao Y.: Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Zheng Y.: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yae-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Zonies D.: Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
Zou X.: Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Salomon J.A.: Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Lopez A.D.: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Vos T.: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121, United States